Some Essential Concepts in the Analysis of Cohesion Essay Example

Some Essential Concepts in the Analysis of Cohesion Essay Example Some Essential Concepts in the Analysis of Cohesion Essay Some Essential Concepts in the Analysis of Cohesion Essay Some Essential Concepts in the Analysis of Cohesion A Note on Texture In Hallidays grammar, the analysis of cohesion is closely related to the analysis of theme-rheme and given-new, as all these features are connected to thetextual metafunction of language. Theme-rheme and given-new combine in the grammar of English to form what Halliday calls the structural component ofTEXTURE, which is defined as the property of being a text. The other component of TEXTURE is the cohesive, which is the non-structural component. The concept of TEXTURE should hus consist of the following features: (A) the structural component of texture 1 thematic structure: Theme Rheme (Chapter 3) 2 information structure and focus (Chapter 8) (B) the cohesive (non-structural) component of texture 1 reference 2 ellipsis and substitution 3 conjunction 4 lexical cohesion A Prior Note on Coherence Cohesion must be distinguished from COHERENCE. A cohesive text may not necessarily be coherent to the reader, and a text which is coherent to someone may be lacking in certain crucial cohesive elements. A text is cohesive according to the anguage it is written or spoken in, and it is coherent to the individual reader or hearer. Cohesion is thus dependent on the resources of a particular language, whereas relevant psychological and other variable extra-linguistic factors are needed for the realization of coherence. A physics text-book for example, may be written using all the necessary cohesive devices of the language, but it may not be coherent to someone who does not have the necessary background knowledge (which is needed for the realization of coherence) even if he has a very good command of the language. One problem that you may face when doing stylistic analysis, is the fact that your available linguistic concepts do not adequately deal with connections between sentences. The various rela tionships between the primary and secondary clauses discussed in the lectures on clause com plexing may be applicable to the analysis of more than one clause, but only if they exist within the boundaries of a single sentence. The analysis of theme-rheme in a passage, when combined with the concepts of given and new, can help you to examine the relationships between sen tences, but your analysis in this direction may not be as ulti-sided as you may have wished. In order to provide you with the tools for a more complete analysis, you have to turn to Halli days analysis of cohe sion. Hallidays Approach to Cohesion Cohesion in English, in Hallidays view, is achieved by any of the four ways below: 1) REFERENCE 3) CONJUNCTION 4) LEXICAL COHESION Referential Cohesion Halliday defines REFERENCE as a participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text, which is either taken as a reference point for something that follows, or as a basis for comparison. There are three ways by which referential ohesion can be realised: 1) Through Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns may be DETERMINATIVE: Number Gender singular: he, him, she, her feminine she, her plural they, them masculine he, him neuter it, they, them or POSSESSIVE: singular: his, her, hers, its feminine: her, hers plural: their, theirs masculine: his neuter: its, their, theirs 2) Through Demonstratives Demonstratives can be SPECIFIC or NON-SPECIFIC: SPECIFIC NON-SPECIFIC near: this/these this/these here (now) no clear indication of nearness or remoteness it, the remote: that/those that/those there (then) 3) Through Comparatives General Identity Similarity Difference same as, equal to, identical to, identically, Just as, as, etc. similar to, similarly, additional to, additionally, such as, likewise, etc. other than, different from/than/to, otherwise, else, differently, etc. Particular more than, bigger than, better than, greater, more so, fewer than, fewer, less than, further than, so, so as, as much as Analysis of Referential Cohesion Some Important Terms In referential cohesion, one is not only interested on whether these items exist in the text, but also on whether they refer forward or backward to items within the text r outside the text, or whether it is self-referential or its reference is understood, given the contexts. a) Anaphora or Cataphora Backwards or Forwards A personal pronoun, demonstrative or comparative that refers to an item whose more detailed or precise description Is given earlier in the text: ANAPHORA Is given later in the text: CATAPHORA (b) Endophora or Exophora Inside or Outside If a personal pronoun, demonstrative or comparative refers to an item whose more detailed or precise description Is given within the text: ENDOPHORA Is given outside the text: EXOPHORA (c) Homophora You may encounter some problems however, in relation to a reference item which does not clearly or strictly speaking, refer to earlier or later items within the text nor to entities outside the text. Given the text, such an item appears to be understood or self-referential, given ones cultural knowledge or knowledge of the world. It is known as a homophora. Conjunctive Cohesion From a non-technical perspective, the term cohesion is occasionally understood in terms of the conjunctive linkages that a writer makes between the clauses of the text. We thus come to the third way, according to Halliday, through which cohesive djuncts, which consist of certain adverbial groups or prepositional phrases. The use of conjunctions to link clauses, or its lack, has a parallel in classical rhetoric with the concepts of polysyndeton and asyndeton. In polysyndeton, relatively many conjunctions are used to link clauses, but in asyndeton, conjunctions are avoided. Thus a link can be made between Hallidays approach to conjunctive cohesion and classical rhetoric, in the sense that polysyndetondepends quite a lot on conjunctive cohesion, but asyndeton avoids it. Like the tactic linkages between clauses within the entence in our study of clause complexing, the cohesive conjunctive linkages between clauses (which may extend beyond the sentence) can also be seen in terms of elaboration, extension, and enhancement. The conjunctive adjuncts which give rise to elaborationand extension are given in the first table below, whilst those which give rise to enhancement are given in the next table (adapted from section 9. 4 of the earlier editions of Hallidays Introduction; see also the slightly different tabulation in the third edition [section 9. ; pp. 542†3]). Like the table of modal adjuncts given n lecture notes no. 8, the lists of conjunctive adjuncts are not complete, nor are students expected to have a photographic knowledge of them in order to do stylistic analysis. It must also be noted that some of these adjuncts can also function as modal or circumstantial adjuncts, depending on the context in which they appear; some of the lexical item s given below, like actually, still, and yet, in fact appear in both the lists of modal and conjunctive adjuncts. In order to distinguish conjunctive adjuncts from the other types of adjuncts, you should keep the textual etafunction of conjunctive adjuncts uppermost in your minds: i. e. , is the primary purpose the linkage between one part of the text and another? DOMAIN TYPE MEANING EXAMPLES ELABORATION: Apposition expository that is (to say), in other words, I mean (to say), put it another way; exemplifying e. g. for instance, for example, thus, to illustrate; Clarification corrective rather or rather, at least, to be (more) precise; by the way by the way, incidentally; dismissive in any case in any case, anyway, leaving that aside; particularizing in particular in particular, more especially; esumptive to resume as I was saying, to resume, to get back to the point; summative in short briefly, to sum up, in conclusion; verifactive actually actually, in fact, as a matter of fact; EXTENSION: Addition positive and and, also, moreover, in addition, besides; negative nor nor; Adversative adversativ e but but, on the other hand, yet, however, conversely; Variation replacive instead instead, on the contrary except apart from that, except for that; alternative alternatively alternatively; DOMAIN ENHANCEMENT Spatio-temporal simple 1) following then, next, afterwards, first hen; 2) simultaneous just then, at the same time 3) preceding before that, hitherto, previously 4) conclusively in the end, finally; complex at once, thereupon, straightaway 2) interrupted soon, after a while; 3) repetitive next time, on another occasion 4) specific next day, an hour later, next morning; 5) durative meanwhile, all that time; 6) terminal until then, up to that point 7) punctiliar at this moment; simple internal next, secondly, my next point is, first ext; at this point, here, now; hitherto, up to now; 4) conclusive lastly, last of all, finally Comparative ikewise, similarly, in the same way; in a different way; expression of means in the same manner in the same manner; Causal-conditional causal: general therefore so, then, therefore, consequently, hence, because of that, for; causal: specific 1) result in consequence, as a result; 2) reason on account of this, for that/this reason; 3) purpose for that purpose, with this in mind/view conditional 1) positive then, in that case, in that event, under the circumstances; 2) negative otherwise, if not; yet, still, though, despite this/that, even so, all the same, nevertheless, however; Respective here ere, there, as to that, in this/that respect; as far as thats concerned; elsewhere in other respects, elsewhere; Lexical Cohesion To Halliday, lexical cohesion comes about through the selection of [lexical] items that are related in some way to those that have gone before (p. 310, 330). More specifically, lexical cohesion can be achieved through one of these means below. Do note that in the third edition of Introduction to Functional Grammar, Halliday and Mattthiessen divide up cohesion into paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations, with collocation being the only syntagmatic category, and synonymy treated eparately from hyponymy and meronymy, and not together under the more general category of synonymy (pp. 570†8). The choice is yours: you can either continue to treat hyponymy and meronymy as being generally connected to synonymy, or follow the newer configuration in the third edition of the book. 1. Repetition 2. Synonymy 3. Collocation. Repetition REPETITION, which involves the reiteration of a lexical item, is the simplest form of lexical cohesion. Hallidays example here is quite memorable: Algy met a bear. The bear was bulgy The lexical item which contributes to cohesion here is of course the word bear (not Algy and bulgy! ). Synonymy The next form of lexical cohesion involves the use of lexical items which are in some sense synonymous. The examples of SYNONYMY given by Halliday are the related words sound/noise and cavalry/horses in the shortened extract below: he was startled by a noise from behind him. It was the noise of trotting horses . The sound of the cavalry grew rapidly nearer Reference There may either be identity of reference or no identity of reference in Hallidays conception of synonymy as a contributing factor to lexical cohesion. Identity of In synonymy which involves identity of reference, we refer either to synonyms in the usual sense of the word, or to lexical items which are related in meaning to their referents by virtue of being at a higher level of generality. The usual sense of the word synonym should be clear to most of you. The word bachelor and the phrase single male, for example, are synonymous; so are the words leisurely and relaxed in He walked in a leisurely way and He walked in a relaxed way. Halliday also regards as synonymous meanings which are at a higher level of generality. A concept which is f a higher level of generality is also known as asuperordinate concept, whereas that which is at a lower level is known as a subordinate concept. We can see how these super- and sub-ordinate conceptsare related in Hallidays example of blackbirds †+ birds †+ creatures †+ they, which can be represented in the diagram below, As we can see, theyl is superordinate to creatures, which is in turn superordinate to birds, and which is finally superordinate to blackbirds. Any of thesesuperordinate concepts may be used to refer to blackbirds; each of them will be regarded as synonymous to blackbirds. In the analysis of lexical items which have identity of reference, the concept of synonymy, according to Halliday, can also apply to words which do not belong to the same word class, as in cheered and applause in Everyone cheered. The leader acknowledged the applause; and cried and tears in l wish I hadnt cried so much! I shall be punished for it by being drowned in my own tears! 2 No Identity of Reference In synonymy with no identity of reference, we refer either to hyponymy, where a cohesive relationship is established between a general (superordinate) concept and usually more than one) specific (or subordinate) concepts;3 or to meronymy, where a cohesive relationship is established between a concept and its parts. We are dealing with a hyponymous relationship when a cohesive linkage is established between trees and oak, pine, elm etc. s in fgure a) below; and with meronymy where there is a cohesive relationship established between trunk, branch, leaf etc and tree as in figure b) b elow: Hyponymy and meronymy are often regarded as figures of speech or tropes, where they are collectively classified under synecdoche, or more generally, nder metonymy. Antonymy In the analysis of synonymy, we finally have antonymy, where a cohesive semantic linkage is established between lexical items of opposite meanings. Collocation The final form of lexical cohesion is COLLOCATION. Halliday defines collocation as the tendency of certain lexical items to co-occur. Hallidays illustration ofcollocation through the example of the limerick A little fat man of Bombay is both typical and memorable: A little fat man of Bombay Was smoking one very hot day. But a bird called a snipe Flew away with his pipe, Which vexed the fat man of Bombay.

EHR and Privacy In the World of Data Over Exposure Research Paper

EHR and Privacy In the World of Data Over Exposure - Research Paper Example al platforms, the stakeholders within the health sector face a myriad of factors to worry about pertaining to the security of their personal information (Skolnik, 2011). The areas of consideration bring the aspects of exposure for the patient data; hence, raising concern for the procedures of managing the electronic health records, as implemented in the various health factions in the world. Technical management affects the need to evaluate strategic procedures for successful management of the health platforms (Amatayakul & Medical Group Management Association, 2010). This paper explores the strategies within the health systems to manage and facilitate data privacy within the electronic health record system. The procedures of access and storage of the patient data records from the electronic health records systems indicate that by over 80% of the world physicians and hospitals possess the EHR systems (Vossler, 2013). Additionally, with the blinking-rate of technological advancement, the concerns over the advancements also cause considerations on the aspects of the benefits and risks of the information systems. Notably, technology with its positive impacts also presents significant risks to the privacy of the data for the patients. The non-wavering arguments into the elemental subject present the various sources of violations regarding the management of information. The responsible elements in the context of the electronic health records include factors of considerations such as high porosity within the healthcare enterprise network (Vossler, 2013). The healthcare sector contains a porous network, which invites the attacks and trusted insiders to pose the threats into the health record s ystems. Secondly, the element of low-level factor of ethics within the top executives causes the process of managing the electronic record systems difficult. For instance, within the compliance expectations as designated by the HIPAA, the top leadership as well as the employees,

Significant principles of project management Research Paper

Significant principles of project management - Research Paper Example And the success or failure of one phase can have a significant influence on other project management tasks. In this scenario, project management is a systematic method for managing, controlling and setting up project tasks and resources from its beginning to completion (Barkley, 2006, p. 14; Kerzner, 2006; TechTarget, 2008; Haughey, 2009). In addition, these resources and tasks can be divided into different stages depending on the size of a project. These stages could be initiation, planning, executing, controlling, and completion or termination of the project. In reality, this standard method of the project management can be used to manage any kind of project, because its fundamental goal is to organize the different tasks of project development. In addition, project management is a kind of plan administration that pays attention especially on developing and organizing project activities and tasks. Simply like there are billions of ice cream tastes, there are billions of kinds of pr ojects and the nature of a project varies from organization to organization. In this scenario, efficient and successful project management can defeat them both. Additionally, project management considers projects normally as a provisional attempt to produce an exclusive service or product. In addition, for the majority of organizations today, everything is a project; on the other hand, others believe that projects are particular and high level tasks that happen occasionally. In fact, a project is an exclusive thing. Alternately, the formation of a new implementation is exclusive, while the preservation and everyday support of an existing application is not accordingly exclusive (Tomayko & Hallman, 1989; Luckey & Phillips, 2006). In addition, a number of researchers believe that project management is simply a set of a wide variety of tasks and activities that are distributed to a number of people by a responsible authority normally acknowledged as a project manager. Additionally, in efficient project management there is no space for goobers. In addition, the successful project management focuses on serious trade of receiving work performed on time, within allocated budget and according to client’s needs and requirements. Furthermore, the successful project management involves various other attributes such as leadership, execution and owning the project capacity. Also, it is an excellent response to sign off on the project and know that we and our project team play a significant role in the project’s success. The benefits of project management for the organizations are countless. The effective use of project management allows organizations to organize project tasks and assign resources. In this scenario, organizations can also track the progress of project. Additionally, project management is helpful for controlling the project tasks and guiding the development (Barkley, 2006; Tomayko & Hallman, 1989; Luckey & Phillips, 2006). Project organizations and the importance of leadership and sponsorship In view of the fact that the project is a team activity in which people

Human Trafficking in Houston Essay Example for Free

Human Trafficking in Houston Essay Texans and Americans alike need to be aware of ongoing human slavery that tarnished the I-10 freeway and they need to know how they can stop the plague of Human Trafficking on Houston Texas. This past January, President Barack Obama recognized Human Trafficking Awareness month. In a published statement the President said he wanted to, â€Å"recognize the people, organizations and government entities that are working to combat human trafficking,† and â€Å"recommit to bringing an end to this inexcusable human rights abuse. † According to the U.S. Department of Justice human trafficking is one of the fastest growing criminal industries, with 14,500-17,500 individuals trafficked in the United States each year and 800,000 globally. With a number of contributing factors, including a diverse immigrant population and major roads for domestic and international travel, Houston is a hotspot for human trafficking in the U.S. According to Religion Link, â€Å"Nongovernmental organizations and nonprofits are now enlisting the aid of religious groups in the fight against human trafficking.† In Houston, organizations like the YMCA, the Houston Rescue and Restore Coalition, Free the Captives and Redeemed Ministries are all part of an entrenched alliance of non-profits, both secular and religious, fighting human trafficking in Houston. Constance Rossiter of the YMCA said, â€Å"These partnerships with religious organizations and other non-profits are essential to combatting human trafficking.† â€Å"There are many levels, it’s like a puzzle,† she said, â€Å"fighting human trafficking takes a community of partners including non-profits, churches, synagogues and law enforcement.† Each entity has its role to play, whether it be prevention, lobbying for legislation, advocation, awareness or enforcement, said Rossiter. Free the Captives, a Houston based Christian non-profit, does it all. Having long been involved in education and counseling for at-risk teenagers and potential pimps, Free the Captives is also active in trying to go after suppliers an d buyers in the human trafficking market. Working with attorneys, Free the Captives seeks to shut down trafficking locations by using nuisance abatement laws and other tactics. Taking the fight one step further, the organization recently began lobbying the Houston mayor’s office and local and federal law enforcement to focus on the demand side of the trafficking trade. Calling it the â€Å"Reduce the Demand Campaign,† the non-profit believes it is the primary solution in ending human trafficking. â€Å"To make an impact on domestic sex trafficking you have to go after the buyers,† said a representative from Free the Captives, whose identity is protected due to recent threats made by traffickers. â€Å"It does not matter how many pimps and landlords there are if the buyers are still willing to pay and there is money to be made,† said the anonymous source, â€Å"other pimps and landlords will pop up. You can’t stem the tide without going after the source.† For their part, the Mayor’s Office and the Houston Police Department believe that human trafficking is a major problem and are sincere in enforcing existing laws. In a letter from 2010, Mayor Annise Parker acknowledged the growing problem and said, â€Å"Houston is a hub for Human Trafficking where approximately twenty percent of all human trafficking victims will pass through our city at some point of their enslavement.† The Mayor’s Office recently reiterated the importance of fighting human trafficking and in a response to Free the Captives said, â€Å"Controlling sex trafficking remains of great concern. The governmental focus on landlords and illegal business has brought results. In the last year and a half the Houston Police Department has recovered 73 juveniles, arrested 21 pimps and two â€Å"Johns,† or buyers,† said Lieutenant Andy Lahaye. To do more the police are training their patrol offices to identify trafficking situations and be able to respond or pass on a tip for the vice department to investigate. However, Lahaye commented that it is difficult to go after the buyers and said, â€Å"It’s an underground world, we can’t just put an undercover officer out there as a decoy to catch a ‘John.’† â€Å"It’s all very subsurface, so we are going after what is out there for us to see, even though we want to cut it off at the source. That’s the struggle we are battling.† Free the Captives continues to demand the focus be shifted to the buyers. Although, many of the domestic victims in the world are not being pimped out in spaces that need landlords. While the mayor and law enforcement focuses on landlords they are almost entirely missing vulnerable American teens in private locales. They remain in bondage. Prevention is a key component to the fight against human trafficking and more organizations, not just faith based organizations like Free the Captives, need to focus their energies on prevention and curbing the supply of victims being exploited. In addition to existing enforcement the lobbying efforts of everyday citizens are paying dividends. While there are some great efforts to end human trafficking in Houston, organizations cannot function without active members. There is always something to help with.

The Life and Works of Langston Hughes Essay -- essays research papers

The Life and Works of Langston Hughes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å" In a deep song voice with a melancholy tone, I heard that Negro sing, that old piano moan – Ain’t got nobody all in this world, Ain’t got nobody but ma self. I’s gwine to quit ma frownin’ and put ma troubles on the shelf.† The above excerpt is from Langston Hughes prize winning poem, â€Å"The Weary Blues.† Hughes, considered to be one of the world’s outstanding authors of the twentieth century (Ruley 148), is a prolific poet, novelist, essayist, playwright, autobiographer, and a writer a of children’s books (Andrews, Foster, Harris 368). David Nicholson says of Hughes, â€Å"He strove to reflect an American reality ignored or distorted by other American writers (504).† The magnificent poet dealt with many struggles in his life and was criticized by many critics for the poem, â€Å"The Weary Blues†, as well as his other works. The lyricist overcame this scrutiny and his struggles, to become a successful, talented writer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Langston Hughes, of French, Indian, and African decent, was born in Joplin, Missouri, on February 1, 1902 (Andrews, Foster, Harris 368). His parents, Carrie and James Langston, were not apart of Hughes’ childhood. Carrie Langston was a small town debutante; she left her son with his grandmother to go live in Kansas City to pursue an acting career (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). As for his father, James Langston, a mixed, cold, man who detested blacks, ran off to Mexico (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). Hughes loved his mother hopelessly and yearned to be with her (Rampersad 4) but his mother showed no interest to be with her son (Bloom, Bloom’s 12). On the contrary, he vigorously loathed his â€Å"runaway† father (Rampersad 4). Without parents, his maternal grandmother, Mary Langston, in Lawrence Kansas raised the writer of verse (Andrews, Foster, Harris 369). Mary’s first husband rode with John Brown on the attack of Harper’s Ferry in 185 9 (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). Her second husband recruited soldiers for the fifty-fourth and fifty-fifth Massachusetts regiment (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). Being married to two men who aided in ending slavery, Mary raised young Hughes on the stories of her family’s ancestors who fought to end slavery (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). From his grandmother he learned the need to struggle on behalf of the ideals of social justice and African American progress (Smith 367). The ab... ... evident. The lasting impact Langston Hughes had on society through the twenties to the sixties is still apparent today. Works Citied Page Andrews, Williams L. Ed.; Foster, Frances S. Ed.; Harris, Tardien. Ed. The Oxford Companion to African American Literature: New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Bloom, Harold. Ed. Bloom’s Major Poets Langston Hughes. PA, Broomall: Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. Bloom, Harold. Ed. Twentieth Century American Literature. Vloume 4. New York, New Haven, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Hall, Sharon K. Ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism Yearbook 1986. Volume 44. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1987. Marowski, Daniel G. Ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Volume 35. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1985. Rampersad, Arnold. Ed. The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume 1: 1902-1941 I Too, Sing America. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1986. Ruley, Carolyn. Ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Volume1. Detroit, Michigan: Gale   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research Company, 1973. Smith, Valerie. Ed. African American Writers. Volume 1. New, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2001. The Life and Works of Langston Hughes Essay -- essays research papers The Life and Works of Langston Hughes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å" In a deep song voice with a melancholy tone, I heard that Negro sing, that old piano moan – Ain’t got nobody all in this world, Ain’t got nobody but ma self. I’s gwine to quit ma frownin’ and put ma troubles on the shelf.† The above excerpt is from Langston Hughes prize winning poem, â€Å"The Weary Blues.† Hughes, considered to be one of the world’s outstanding authors of the twentieth century (Ruley 148), is a prolific poet, novelist, essayist, playwright, autobiographer, and a writer a of children’s books (Andrews, Foster, Harris 368). David Nicholson says of Hughes, â€Å"He strove to reflect an American reality ignored or distorted by other American writers (504).† The magnificent poet dealt with many struggles in his life and was criticized by many critics for the poem, â€Å"The Weary Blues†, as well as his other works. The lyricist overcame this scrutiny and his struggles, to become a successful, talented writer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Langston Hughes, of French, Indian, and African decent, was born in Joplin, Missouri, on February 1, 1902 (Andrews, Foster, Harris 368). His parents, Carrie and James Langston, were not apart of Hughes’ childhood. Carrie Langston was a small town debutante; she left her son with his grandmother to go live in Kansas City to pursue an acting career (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). As for his father, James Langston, a mixed, cold, man who detested blacks, ran off to Mexico (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). Hughes loved his mother hopelessly and yearned to be with her (Rampersad 4) but his mother showed no interest to be with her son (Bloom, Bloom’s 12). On the contrary, he vigorously loathed his â€Å"runaway† father (Rampersad 4). Without parents, his maternal grandmother, Mary Langston, in Lawrence Kansas raised the writer of verse (Andrews, Foster, Harris 369). Mary’s first husband rode with John Brown on the attack of Harper’s Ferry in 185 9 (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). Her second husband recruited soldiers for the fifty-fourth and fifty-fifth Massachusetts regiment (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). Being married to two men who aided in ending slavery, Mary raised young Hughes on the stories of her family’s ancestors who fought to end slavery (Bloom, Bloom’s 11). From his grandmother he learned the need to struggle on behalf of the ideals of social justice and African American progress (Smith 367). The ab... ... evident. The lasting impact Langston Hughes had on society through the twenties to the sixties is still apparent today. Works Citied Page Andrews, Williams L. Ed.; Foster, Frances S. Ed.; Harris, Tardien. Ed. The Oxford Companion to African American Literature: New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Bloom, Harold. Ed. Bloom’s Major Poets Langston Hughes. PA, Broomall: Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. Bloom, Harold. Ed. Twentieth Century American Literature. Vloume 4. New York, New Haven, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Hall, Sharon K. Ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism Yearbook 1986. Volume 44. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1987. Marowski, Daniel G. Ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Volume 35. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1985. Rampersad, Arnold. Ed. The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume 1: 1902-1941 I Too, Sing America. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1986. Ruley, Carolyn. Ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Volume1. Detroit, Michigan: Gale   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research Company, 1973. Smith, Valerie. Ed. African American Writers. Volume 1. New, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2001.

How to be a good student

Time management Planned and don't put off your plan Pay attention in your lesson Take note and Review by Creating mind map Stage II: Planning (Outlining) Stage Ill: Writing f you want to be a good student, you should follow these advices that I will mention below. The firstly of them is that you should pay attention in your lesson. In fact, teacher is the person who concludes all main points of your lesson and tell it to you in an interesting and clear way in class.As a result, eying attention in your lesson is the best way help you save time to understand what you are learning in the book. The second advice is taking note and reviewing your lesson by creating mind map. In my opinion, listening to our teachers just like collect the information; however, a good student have to gain their own knowledge. One solution is taking note what you think is necessary, and then, you put all information you collected in your brain by remembering an imaginative noted mind map.Last but not least, l anding for your target, and manage your time weekly in order to reach your goal. Indeed, the more suitable plan you make, the more effective work you done. Accordingly, you should have long-term, short-term plan as well as weekly, monthly timetable. In addition, you also should rearrange your schedule so often that them are agreed with your aim; likewise making sure your timetable is enough flexible for you to not put off your work. In conclusion, these above â€Å"how to be a good student' advices only work when you want.

Childhood Education Early Childhood Development Essay

The career that I have chosen to learn about is Early Childhood Development . The reason why I choose this particular career is because I wanted some insight on what it will be like to work with children in the future. Also while working with childrens, it will help guide me to become a better teacher and as well as a mother to my kids. Therefore, Early Childhood Education gives me a platform to push for my educational changes. Furthermore, I will be spending quality time with a career professional second grade teacher related to the study of Early Childhood Care and Education. What came across my mind when picking a particular person to interview was how well did I know this person and how strong connected I with them. Also, acknowledging if I am experiencing the right person that I wanted to interview. In addition, the person I choose to interview was Mrs. Xiong, a second grader teacher who is currently teaching at Thomas Elementary School in Fresno. Therefore, Mrs.Xiong is not just a teacher but also a mother of two beautiful kids and one on the way. What made me have choose this person is not because she is related to me but how I preserve her at home while teaching her kids. She s is my aunt. Her ability of teaching her own kids was surprising. For example, the other day before I went to interview my aunt I went by her house to ask her permission if I can interview her. She had ask me to stay for a bit in the livingroom. There I saw her two kids were playing inShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Education And Development853 Words   |  4 PagesDuring this class, we have discussed many topics from the importance of Early Childhood Education, through all of the developmental stages and into the roots of behavioral issues. I’d have to say out of all the topics, the importance of Early Childhood Education and how children develop and learn from week 2 is what has stuck out the most to me. 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