George Orwell s The Handmaid s Tale - 1242 Words

Throughout human history people have been following leaders, leaders whom are trusted and believed in by people, those who can say what one can and cannot do. Till to this day societies have leaders that control them, from democratic governments in North America to dictatorship governments in East Asia. People holding these types of positions can easily take advantage of society’s citizens, analyzing literature and conceiving beyond the normal possibilities can reveal the corruption in governments and leaders. While analyzing Animal Farm by George Orwell, l Lost My Talk by Rita Joe and The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood it is clear that these works of literature allude to the possibility of corruption, revealing how important justice and equality are to governing societies and to me. Firstly, in George Orwell’s depiction of the events during the time of the Soviet Union shows how governments can obtain power from its citizens and how it can lead to corruption . Napoleon only cares for himself and the pigs and not the other animals, he supports inequality. Napoleon and his companions take the milk and apples away from the animals stating that it contains â€Å"substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig and that it is for their â€Å"sake† (Orwell). This clearly shows how selfish Napoleon is, creating a lie to get what he wants. This in my opinion represents the inequality in society. I realized that there are families that struggle to pay for rent but there areShow MoreRelatedIs Today s Society Becoming A Dystopian World?1313 Words   |  6 Pagessociety becoming a dystopian world? Both the novels 1984 by George Orwell and The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood provide warnings of how each author sees certain problems in society leading to dystopian states. Civilizations are forced to live by rules and for certain purposes to ensure the governments own goals and aspirations, but arise for different reasons. Atwood is concerned with political groups and aspects of feminism; The Handmaids Tale illustrates how declining birth rates could lead toRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagessexuality, Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale, her poem A Woman’s Issue, and George Orwell’s 1984 all convey that sexual repression undermines individual identity and autonomy. In The Handmaid’s Tale, Atwood uses her description of the Ceremony to emphasize how Gileadean society controls sex in order to manipulate its citizens and force the women of Gilead into passivity and dissociation from their bodies. During the ritualistic Ceremony, the Handmaids are raped by their Commanders in hopes ofRead More##rtance Of Language In The Handmaids Tale And Nineteen Eighty-Four1315 Words   |  6 PagesContained within the novels The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood and Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell is a fight for power and control – not of land, or political position – but of language. Language is seen within both of these novels as being central to the telling of one’s own story – without the control of power and language, it is not possible to convey the intricacies, thoughts, feelings and ideas behind these stories. Whether this story is conveyed through a diary, or through cassetteRead MoreMargaret Atwood s T he Handmaid s Tale1844 Words   |  8 PagesBoth Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale and George Orwell’s 1984 present vivid representations of dystopian future societies, and both encompass themselves with the roles of women within these societies. In Orwell s novel, however, important though women are to Winston’s mental progression, they are not necessarily dominant to the story. Atwood’s novel, however, could obviously not exist within the role of women; the entire basis of the story involves the role of women in the society the authorRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four 1359 Words   |  6 Pagesto happen†(Elizabeth Gawain). In Nineteen Eighty Four, George Orwell locates his novel in a politically dystopian society. A dystopia is a â€Å"bad place†, being translated from the Greek words dis topos. This term was created to be seen as the opposite of a Utopia after the novel Utopia was written by Thomas Mor e. Dystopian novels are written to daunt the reader of how future societies will turn out. The term has become more common in today s society and is translated into, a dark or unpleasant futureRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1516 Words   |  7 PagesHandmaid’s Tale, by Margaret Atwood, explores the idea of physical and mental oppression through hierarchy, patriarchy, manipulation of history, surveillance and finally, community identity; hence the main character’s name â€Å"Offred† or ‘Of-Fred’ if you will. 1984, by George Orwell, covers this by including configuration of language; the characters have a new language called â€Å"Newspeak† and are also constantly watched by the government and the â€Å"Thought Police.† The hierarchy in The Handmaid’s Tale, is structuredRead MoreThomas More s Utopia?1464 Words   |  6 Pages7,1478 he was the son of John More, A well known Lawyer. When Thomas was little he went to St.Anthony s School in London. Thomas was a page in the household of John Marton . From then on Thomas More s went on to Oxford University. Around 1494 Thomas Dad took him to London to study in what was known as common law. In February 1496 , More was admitted into Lincoln s inn. In 1505 Thomas More s became a full on lawyer and by this time he managed to keep up with his literary and spiritual interest

Gun Control And The Right Of The Citizens Of Its Country...

The Second Amendment states â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.† The forefathers of the United States of America clearly worded this in the bill of rights for the self-preservation of the citizens of its country. For the past few decades, the Second Amendment has been put under astonishing stress with laws dealing with regulating and banning certain firearms. There are usually two sides to the controversial topic regarding the Second Amendment and they both are strongly tied to the two most prominent political parties : The Republicans wanting more gun rights and the Democrats wanting more gun control. The main argument of both sides is that their view of gun control or rights helps prevent crimes, and the other side’s argument makes criminal activities easier to commit. So, how do the gun laws or rights affect crimes in Republican and Democratic states? A good example of a gun control law that restricts the use of guns or makes it harder to purchase guns is the National Firearm Act of 1934 [2]which taxed gun manufacturers heavily on each gun produced, and all buyers were required to fill paperwork and wait for the approval to purchase and obtain a firearm by the Treasury Department. Gangster culture in America at this time was at an all time high and the National Firearm Act was passed in hope of stopping and decreasing the horrible culture [3]. Gun control canShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Gun Control1073 Words   |  5 Pages Implementing gun control in the United States would only result in more chaos and increased rebellion from citizens who responsibly and legally own firearms. In doing so, the law-abiding citizens would be left defenseless against the criminals who continue to obtain guns illegally. Not only that, but the 2nd amendment rights of the United States Constitution would be diminished and the crime in the community would remain the same or perhaps increase. Gun control would not stop criminals from illegallyRead MoreGun Control : Argumentative Essay Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pages100 3 November, 2014 Gun Control: Argumentative Essay The gun control debate is a good example that justifies the common known mantra that history will always repeat itself. Gun control is a regulation put forward with an aim of managing the purchase and ownership of firearms with the main aim being to reduce the criminal and unsafe use of firearms. The gun control measures involve strategies such as registration of firearms aimed at restricting the ownership of guns by people proved to beRead MoreGun Control Regulations Do Not Deter Violence And Crime1356 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"More than 11,000 people were killed by gun violence in 2013 alone.† After the Sandy Hook shooting, in Newtown, Connecticut with a death toll of 26, Congress has still failed to pass these regulations which 90% of Americans wish to have. While tightening the gun control may not guarantee the complete absence of mass shootings or gun violence and crime, it has definately been shown to significantly reduce these rates. America is in need of tight er gun control laws because current regulations do notRead MoreGun Control1676 Words   |  7 PagesDecember 7, 2012 Gun Control Obviously, guns have been a very big part of our history but because it was use inappropriately gun control was created. Guns are weapons that can take a life in an instant (â€Å"Does Gun Control†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Guns have been part of American society since the arrival of the first European settlers (â€Å"Topic Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Arms in this country are part of our history, part of our culture. It has been passed down, generations to generations, as just an important part of who we are (â€Å"TopicRead MoreGun Control1724 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 1302 5th march 2013 Sides of Crime Control Gun control laws have been surrounded by controversy since The Bill of Rights, including the Second amendment was passed in the congress. A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed, the founders wrote. Until recently there was considerable argument over just what the founders intended by their words. Did they mean to provide only for armedRead MoreDo Guns Necessarily Lead to Crime Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pages Crime and guns. The two seem to go hand in hand with one another. But are the two really associated? Do guns necessarily lead to crime? And if so, do laws placing restrictions on firearm ownership and usage stop the crime or protect the citizens? These are the questions many citizens and lawmakers are asking themselves when creating gun control laws. Guns have been a part of American history for as long as people can remember. For most individuals guns are supposed to be very dangerous and unsafe;Read MoreEssay about Gun Control in America1300 Words   |  6 PagesGuns are there a right to all American citizens, or are they an out of date way of defense. In this paper you will find many examples of how guns are a right for Americans. Also necessary way of defense. People who are for gun control, assume that when guns are taken away there will no longer be any gun related crime. This is far from the truth, in many places where strict gun control bills have been passed; the murder rate has risen by a huge amount. In the following paragraphs you will findRead MoreThe Crime Rates Of Murder And Suicide1018 Words   |  5 PagesStamper Class: GE102 Date: November 18, 2015 â€Å"Gun Control in America† The crime rates of murder and suicide is increasing due to guns being handled by different people in our society. Should the American government enforce new gun control laws in our country? This topic matters because gun control will make the country a safer place to live in. However, some people believe that gun control will take over citizen’s rights and isn’t a great idea. Gun control should be enforced by the government becauseRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Laws1407 Words   |  6 PagesChattanooga, Tennessee with five dead leaving citizens devastated. The past year contains more than 350 mass shootings, averaging 1.02 shootings per day and continuous growing number of deaths, multiple mass shootings around the world leaving dozens of victims in its path. There is no exact definition of mass shootings, but most sources believe it is when four or more people are shot in one location. Citizens in America are easily able to obtain a gun and the growing issue is wh ether this should changeRead MoreThe Support For Gun Rights1156 Words   |  5 Pages2015 The Support for Gun Rights â€Å"The constitution shall never be construed...to prevent the people of the United States who are peaceable citizens from keeping their own arms.† –Alexander Hamilton. The Support for gun rights has increased to 70% of American citizens in 2013. The 70% of Americans claim that they feel safer with gun in their home. The other remaining citizens believe that guns make the home more dangerous. Gun control cannot assure the safety of our country and is unnecessary because

John Steinbeck wrote The Chrysanthemums in 1938 Essay Example For Students

John Steinbeck wrote The Chrysanthemums in 1938 Essay John Steinbeck wrote The Chrysanthemums in 1938. Steinbeck, as in many of his novels and short stories, depicts the life of poor, hard working people. In The Chrysanthemums, Steinbeck writes about a farmers wife living in California. The couple lives on a farm, as many individuals did in that time. Steinbeck describes the physical and mental hardships of families living off the land. In the short story, The Chrysanthemums, Elisa is constantly with held from life because she is a woman. On every side it the valley sat like a lid on the mountains and made of the great valley a closed pot. Under the lid was Salinas Valley, the home of Henry and Elisa Allen. Henry was a farmer who made a fair amount of money from his crops and stock. Elisa was Henrys wife; she had the hobby of taking care of her Chrysanthemums and the chore of being Henrys wife. In Elisas garden, the Chrysanthemums grew with the work of her hands and the care of her heart. She seems to enjoy her garden immensely, but actually was trapped in it. She was trapped, because she felt that the only thing she could do was tend her garden. Henry tells Elisa that her flowers were very good last year and some of the yellow flowers were 10 inches across. Henry told Elisa, I wish youd work out in the orchard and raise some apples that big. Elisa said, Maybe I could do it, too. Ive a gift with things, all right. Henry changes the subject and starts talking about his livestock that he sold. Henry would not let her try her green thumb on the orchard, because of this, Elisa started to feel the pain of being a woman One day as Elisa was tending her garden, a wagon was passing on the road. Elisa looked up expecting the wagon to pass, but it did not. The wagon pulled up the driveway. Painted on the side of the wagon in sloppy words was, Pots, pans, knifes, sisors, lawn mores, Fixed. A big, hairy man got out of the wagon and offered to fix her scissors for her. Elisa claimed she had nothing to be fixed. In hope of getting work, the man complimented her flower garden, and as he had planned, the two started talking. They talked about his being on the road. Elisa asked him about where he sleeps and where he lives. Right in the wagon, maam. Rain or shine Im dry as a cow in there. Elisa said, It must be very nice. I wish a woman could do such things. The man replied, It aint the right kind of life for a woman. This is one instance where Elisa feels trapped as a woman. Elisa asked, How do you know? How can you tell? Elisa does not get an answer. He quickly changed the subject and started talking about her flowerbed. She told the man that the reason the Chrysanthemums were so big, is that her mother had planter hands that made plants grow and the hands were passed on to Elisa. He stated that someone down the road needed some Chrysanthemums. She was happy to share her garden; she put a Chrysanthemum bulb into a pot and handed it to the fixà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"all man. Elisa gave him special instructions for the care of the flowers. After this, Elisa decides to let him work, on a few aluminum saucepans. Elisa pays the man and he leaves. Now that the man was gone; Elisa ran to the house, tore off her soiled clothes, and took a hot shower. She scrubbed her body, hard and long, with a pumice stone. She needed to rid herself of the fix-all man. .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a , .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a .postImageUrl , .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a , .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a:hover , .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a:visited , .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a:active { border:0!important; } .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a:active , .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3b9816860fda9b1e1cc74de45f53e94a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Awakening By Kate Chopin Story EssayElisa got out of the shower and looked at herself in the mirror. She looked at her naked body, sucking in her stomach and pushing out her chest. Elisa then put on her nicest under garments. She also put on her newest, favorite dress; the symbol of her prettiness. Soon, Henry comes in the room and says, Whyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ why, Elisa you look so nice. Elisa replied, Nice? You think I look nice? What do you mean by nice? Henry replied, I dont know. I mean you look different, strong, and happy. The couple leaves the house to go out to eat. As they were driving down the road, they pass the fix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"all man. She looked back and saw her flower bulbs and sands lying on the road. The man kept the flowerpot. Elisa turned to the window and wept bitterly. Elisa then asked Henry, Henry can we have wine for dinner? Then she implied that she might want to go to the fights. Henry had never seen her act this way. Elisa turned up her coat collar so that Henry would not see her crying weaklyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ like an old woman. Elisa was a woman who had many conflicts. She was living in her flower garden. Everything that Elisa does not have is put into her garden. Her husband would not let her do any mans work on the farm. The fixà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ all man did not even acknowledge her want of being out on the road. He said it was a mans job. Elisa was repressed and had no way of expressing her feelings, except through the flowers in her garden. She wanted something new to make her feel like a woman. She scrubbed herself so deeply in the shower in hope of cleaning herself anything that was not lady like. Elisa had no where to turn. At the end of The Chrysanthemums, Elisa excepts herself as an old woman. Elisa gave up. She did not care anymore. Elisa will probably be living her life through the Chrysanthemums, until the day she dies.

Management Techniques For The Red

Management Techniques For The Red-Cockaded Woodpec Essay ker On Federal LandsSean FraserNRM 304ABSTRACTThe red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) has been listed as an endangeredspecies since October, 1970. This species inhabits pine forests in thesoutheastern United States where the majority of prime timberland is privatelyowned. Private ownership of preferred habitat and historically destructivesilvicultural practices create unique problems for federal wildlife managers. This report analyzes three management techniques being used to assess andaugment red-cockaded woodpecker populations on federal lands in the region,primarily military installations. Seeking cooperation between diversegovernment agencies, wildlife managers attempt to accurately assess speciesabundance, alter woodpecker nesting cavities, and construct nest sites in aneffort to enhance red-cockaded woodpecker habitat on limited federal holdings inthe American southeast. Key words: Picoides borealis, Global Positioning System, Geographic InformationSystem, cavity trees, cavity restrictorsThe red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) is an endangered speciesthat inhabits pine forests in an historical range from Texas to the Atlanticcoast (Jackson, 1986; Reed et al., 1988). Picoides borealis nest in clans orfamily groups that usually consist of one breeding pair and 2 non-breeding malehelpers (Jackson, 1986 ). This group establishes and defends a territory thatincludes foraging habitat and nesting cavity trees (Copeyon et al., 1991;Jackson et al., 1986; Rossell and Gorsira, 1996). Red-cockaded woodpeckerclans excavate cavities in living pines, and have established a living andforaging routine in conjunction with the southeastern pine forests and thehistorical occurrence of fire, which reduces hardwood understory while sparingfire-resistant pines (Jackson, 1986). Much of the prime nesting and foraginghabitat for this species has been systematically el iminated due to development,timber harvest and intensive fire suppression (Jackson, 1986). The emergenceof dense hardwood understory and midstory as a result of fire suppression inred-cockaded woodpecker habitat has resulted in the abandonment of manyotherwise undisturbed areas (Jackson, 1986; Kelly et al., 1993). The red-cockaded woodpecker has been listed as endangered since 1970(Federal Register, 1970 as cited by Ertep and Lee, 1994). Four requirementsfor sustained red-cockaded woodpecker populations that are lacking in thespecies historical range are identified as critical to species stabilization andrecovery: 1.) Open pine forests with shade tolerant understory controlled bycyclical fire seasons; 2.) Old growth Pinus palustrus aged 95 years and Pinustaeda aged 75 years; 3.) Approximately 200 acres for nesting group or clan;4.) Multiple clans per area to maintain genetic stability and variability(Jackson, 1986). The opportunity to establish or preserve these habitatqualities on private timberland is largely lost due to historical harvestpractices and development, and research on expanding populations on federalholdings is the most vital component in red-cockaded woodpecker stabilizationand recovery (Jackson et al., 1979a; Jackson, 1986). Exacerbating the problemof habitat loss due to enc roachment and fire-suppression are natural hazardssuch as hurricanes, pine-beetle infestations and usurpation of red-cockadedwoodpecker cavities by other species (Carter et al., 1989; Rossell and Gorsira,1996). Effects of historically natural hazards are multiplied in the contextof a diminished species abundance (Carter et al., 1989; Jackson, 1986). Land management for wildlife is subject to unique difficulties in theSoutheast, as the majority of forested land is privately owned (Jackson, 1986). In western states, approximately 2/3 of undeveloped land is federallyadministered, making the enactment of widespread management policies feasible,and controversies are apt to center around questions of access and use, ratherthan the more difficult problems concerned with private property rights. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis report will focus on the current techniques being explored andenacted to stabilize and increase red-cockaded woodpecker populations on federallands throughout its previous range. Three areas of concern regarding the red-cockaded woodpecker populations on federal lands interact to define currentmanagement practices (Jackson, 1986). Wildlife biologists, foresters, and themilitary have tested and combined specific techniques involving habitatassessment and identification, cavity alteration, and cavity construction tomanage limited habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker on federally administeredland (Carter et al., 1989; Copeyon, 1990; Ertep and Lee, 1994). Analysisof specific studies and practices in these three areas serve as a description ofthe technique for managing limited federal lands for the enhancement andstabilization of red-cockaded woodpecker populations. DISCUSSIONHABITAT ASSESSMENT AND IDENTIFICATIONA significant problem associated with the management of red-cockadedwoodpecker populations is obtaining an accurate assessment of habitatavailability and home range estimates (Ertep and Lee, 1994; Reed et al.,1988). Differences in habitat quality and availability throughout the range ofthe red-cockaded woodpecker affect population density and the range of foragingand nesting activities within colonies, making general application of populationestimators difficult (Reed et al., 1988). This issue was addressed in 1988during a study to evaluate red-cockaded woodpecker population indices. Reed etal. (1988) set out to evaluate studies concerning red-cockaded woodpeckerpopulation indices and, if necessary, develop a new techniques to moreaccurately estimate adult population size. Reed at al. (1988) researched thecircular scale technique (CST) as described by Harlow et al. (1983) and foundthat application of this method of population estimation is limited. CSTutilizes aerial identification of active cavity tree groups, and encompassessaid groups in a 460-m diameter circle that contains as many of the activecavity trees as possible (Harlow et al., 1983 as cited by Reed et al., 1988). A soldiers Tale EssayPerhaps the most comprehensive study concerning artificial cavity constructionfor the benefit of the red-cockaded woodpecker was conducted by Copeyon, Waltersand Carter as part of a ten year study of red-cockaded woodpecker populations inthe Sandhills region of North Carolina (1991). Their work, Induction of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Group Formation by Artificial Cavity Construction, (Copeyonet al., 1991) represents the most practical and valuable guide to red-cockadedwoodpecker population enhancement techniques to date (Conner and Rudolph, 1995). In 1990, Carole Copeyon published an article describing a technique forconstructing artificial cavities for red-cockaded woodpeckers. Explaining thatexcavation of suitable living cavities takes a minimum of ten months andnormally much longer to complete, Copeyon (1990) surmised that construction ofartificial cavities may be an effective management tool that would encouragecolonization of abandoned areas and reduce energy expenditure associated withnesting cavity construction. After making the decision to use artificial nesting cavities as amanagement tool, wildlife managers should attempt to select older trees in theirrespective areas of responsibility (Copeyon, 1990; Copeyon et al., 1991). Selection of older trees mimics the natural inclination of the red cockadedwoodpecker and that older trees have sufficient heartwood development to supportlarge nesting and roosting cavities without sustaining damage (Copeyon, 1990). As indicated previously, red-cockaded woodpeckers generally select trees between80 and 100 years old depending on species availability. Copeyon (1990) revealsthat an adequate artificial nesting cavity requires an entrance approximately4.4cm.-6.4cm. in diameter placed at 1-24 meters above ground level. An entrancetunnel should be excavated into the heartwood with the nesting chamber extendingdown at a right angle to the entrance tunnel to a depth between 20.3 and 27.3cm. (Figure 2) (Copeyon, 1990). Small resin wells are drilled around the treeabove and below the entrance site (Copeyon 1990; Rossell and Gorsira, 1996). Seepage from these wells act to discourage competitors and predators (Copeyon,1990). The results of Copeyons initial study concerning red-cockadedwoodpecker cavity construction are contained in (Table 2). TABLE 1. Use ofartificial cavities by red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) in theSandhills region of North Carolina (Copeyon, 1990). SpeciesAge #Constructed#Active LongleafOld2925Moderate74Young22Total3831LoblollyOld43Young21Total64Cavity construction for red-cockaded woodpecker management is aneffective tool for inducing the formation of new colonies in the specieshistorical range, and may prove to increase reproductive success in alreadyestablished colonies (Copeyon et al., 1991). RESULTSFurther research is necessary to establish the impact of management forthe red-cokaded woodpecker on other species (Masters et al., 1996). Initialstudies indicate that management practices involving the clearance of hardwoodunderstory and the initiation of prescribed burns in red-cockaded woodpeckerhabitat increase forage for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (Masterset al., 1996). Studies continue to examine concerns about possible negativeeffects of single species management practices in association with red-cockadedwoodpecker recovery effort (Masters et al., 1996). In the 25 years since theidentification of the red-cockaded woodpecker as an endangered species,establishing a unified recovery program among the diverse federal agenciesresponsible for the administration of lands within the species range has beendifficult (Jackson, 1986). In the first 15 years of listing, no programsexisted to effectively manage habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker. Jackson(1986) des cribed the situation as especially urgent, as the red-cockadedwoodpecker was becoming dependent on widely dispersed islands of habitat,isolating colonies and creating the potential for catastrophic losses due tonatural occurrences and inter-species competition for roosting and nesting sites. Since 1986, research into habitat requirements for successful red-cockadedwoodpecker colonies have been identified (Copeyon et al., 1991; Jackson, 1986). Improvements in identifying suitable habitat, altering existing cavities todecrease competition for roosting and nesting sites, and initiating formation ofred-cockaded woodpecker colonies through construction of artificial cavitieshave been synthesized into a specific technique of managing federal lands forthe red-cockaded woodpecker (Copeyon et al., 1991; Ertep and Lee, 1994;Rossell and Gorsira, 1996). Category: Social Issues